Understanding Types of Prototypes

For most people, the word “prototype” means a model of an object used to convey a concept. While this is true, this definition is too limited to describe the many types and uses for prototypes today. In general, there are four major categories for prototypes.

The “proof-of-principle” or “breadboard” prototype is typically used to test the functionality of a design concept. The intention is to prove that the proposed design will work or that it will require more development and testing to reach the desired goal. This is more of an evaluation of the logical progression characteristics rather than the physical attributes of the design of a product or service.

The “form study” prototype is used mainly in the initial design phase and is an actual object. The object is created to demonstrate the size or dimensions of a product. In most cases, it will closely match the actual size of the product to be manufactured. It will also provide some insight into the look of the product, but it may not reflect the intended color or functionality.

One of the most advanced types of prototypes is the “visual prototype”. It is designed to demonstrate the appearance of the final product. The main focus is on color, texture and visual appeal of a product. However with the integration of new technologies -- such as Computer Aided Design or Computer modeling -- this prototype reaches a new level. It provides the ability to visually develop and share a design concept without producing a physical replica. This type of prototype is popular in the aerospace and auto industry because it significantly reduces development cost. It also provides a method for the assessment of more complex characteristics like styling, aerodynamics, vehicle weight and crash sustainability.

The “functional prototype” is probably the most recognized. This prototype is typically used in the final phase of development. This is the fully functional working model of the intended final product. It will incorporate most of the actual characteristics of the product, including color, material to be used in production and, visual properties of the final version. This is an actual object and may also reflect the true size. However, in some cases, this version will be smaller to reduce the cost, particularly for larger items.